Countries With a Similar Workforce

Find countries with a similar workforce

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Among the larger economies in our data, the two most alike are Madagascar and Tanzania (5% of workers would need to switch group), and the two most different are Tanzania and United States (77%). The United States' closest matches are Norway, Ireland, Israel.

This is a different question from which countries have the same AI risk as the US: two countries can share a score with very different job mixes. To compare two specific countries side by side, use the country comparison tool.

All 173 countries and their closest matches

Country	AI exposure /10	Three most similar	Closest match differs by
Afghanistan	3.12	Moldova, Republic of, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh	11%
Albania	3.70	Georgia, Armenia, Bangladesh	12%
Algeria	3.82	Dominican Republic, Gabon, El Salvador	9%
Angola	3.36	Solomon Islands, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea	8%
Argentina	4.38	Brazil, Mauritius, Uruguay	8%
Armenia	4.01	Georgia, Azerbaijan, Fiji	3%
Aruba	4.61	Bahamas, Argentina, Brunei Darussalam	11%
Australia	4.95	Malta, Portugal, Ireland	6%
Austria	5.09	Croatia, Germany, France	6%
Azerbaijan	3.85	Georgia, Armenia, Fiji	10%
Bahamas	4.15	Argentina, Dominican Republic, Brazil	12%
Bangladesh	3.21	Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan	9%
Barbados	4.49	Mauritius, Uruguay, Brazil	9%
Belarus	4.40	Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Czechia	10%
Belgium	5.31	Switzerland, France, Germany	6%
Belize	3.67	El Salvador, Cabo Verde, Paraguay	4%
Benin	3.23	Togo, Guinea, Nigeria	4%
Bhutan	3.82	Cameroon, Moldova, Republic of, Albania	9%
Bolivia	3.51	Yemen, Nepal, Kyrgyzstan	10%
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4.31	Romania, North Macedonia, Palestine	6%
Botswana	3.60	Ecuador, Peru, Sri Lanka	9%
Brazil	4.13	Uruguay, Mauritius, Dominican Republic	4%
Brunei Darussalam	4.63	Cyprus, Spain, Chile	8%
Bulgaria	4.71	Portugal, North Macedonia, Croatia	7%
Burkina Faso	3.20	Benin, Bangladesh, Haiti	9%
Burundi	3.05	Mozambique, DR Congo, Niger	12%
Cabo Verde	3.62	El Salvador, Paraguay, Honduras	6%
Cambodia	3.24	Myanmar, Bolivia, Ghana	14%
Cameroon	3.82	Bhutan, Moldova, Republic of, Albania	9%
Cayman Islands	4.54	Brunei Darussalam, Spain, Chile	8%
Chad	3.15	Niger, Mozambique, Uganda	5%
Chile	4.21	Spain, Mauritius, Uruguay	8%
Colombia	3.85	Mexico, Eswatini, Guyana	7%
Comoros	3.69	Zimbabwe, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh	10%
Congo	3.82	Bahamas, Jordan, Algeria	21%
Cook Islands	4.36	Mauritius, Chile, Bahamas	15%
Costa Rica	4.06	Uruguay, Brazil, Colombia	9%
Croatia	4.93	Slovakia, Austria, Portugal	5%
Cuba	4.24	Kazakhstan, Turkiye, Panama	9%
Curaçao	4.70	Brunei Darussalam, Malta, Spain	9%
Cyprus	4.98	Austria, Spain, Brunei Darussalam	7%
Czechia	4.84	Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia	5%
Côte d'Ivoire	3.32	Haiti, Angola, Benin	8%
DR Congo	3.35	Mozambique, Niger, Burundi	7%
Denmark	5.13	Netherlands, Israel, Finland	7%
Djibouti	4.51	Argentina, Brunei Darussalam, Spain	12%
Dominican Republic	3.90	Guyana, Brazil, Mexico	7%
Ecuador	3.34	Botswana, Indonesia, Vietnam	9%
Egypt	3.87	Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Romania	9%
El Salvador	3.56	Cabo Verde, Honduras, Guyana	6%
Estonia	4.89	Poland, Slovenia, Hungary	6%
Eswatini	3.67	Guyana, Colombia, Mexico	6%
Ethiopia	2.94	Tanzania, Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau	8%
Fiji	3.95	Yemen, Thailand, Georgia	10%
Finland	4.91	France, Austria, Denmark	8%
France	5.06	Belgium, Switzerland, Austria	6%
Gabon	3.74	Algeria, Guyana, Jamaica	10%
Gambia	3.40	Bolivia, Indonesia, Ghana	13%
Georgia	3.93	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Fiji	3%
Germany	5.30	Austria, Belgium, France	6%
Ghana	3.36	Nigeria, Togo, Guinea	7%
Greece	4.88	Montenegro, Spain, Portugal	10%
Grenada	3.24	Peru, Honduras, Morocco	16%
Guatemala	3.34	Nepal, Cabo Verde, Honduras	8%
Guinea	3.35	Togo, Nigeria, Benin	3%
Guinea-Bissau	3.01	Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Ethiopia	11%
Guyana	3.76	Eswatini, Dominican Republic, Cabo Verde	6%
Haiti	3.29	Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso	8%
Honduras	3.33	Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Guatemala	7%
Hungary	4.82	Czechia, Slovenia, Slovakia	5%
Iceland	4.95	Ireland, Norway, Finland	9%
India	3.26	Pakistan, Sudan, Lesotho	9%
Indonesia	3.44	Ecuador, Nepal, Thailand	10%
Iran	3.71	Kyrgyzstan, Turkiye, Tunisia	9%
Iraq	3.77	Bosnia and Herzegovina, Palestine, Romania	13%
Ireland	5.11	Australia, Norway, Netherlands	8%
Israel	5.08	Norway, Sweden, Netherlands	5%
Italy	4.82	Austria, Spain, Slovakia	10%
Jamaica	4.12	Gabon, Turkiye, Malaysia	11%
Jordan	3.93	Lebanon, Algeria, Bahamas	18%
Kazakhstan	3.99	Cuba, Panama, Paraguay	9%
Kenya	3.25	Lesotho, India, Guinea-Bissau	9%
Kiribati	3.51	Morocco, Cabo Verde, Guatemala	10%
Kuwait	3.56	Tajikistan, Senegal, Tunisia	13%
Kyrgyzstan	3.67	Egypt, Iran, Yemen	9%
Laos	3.20	Uganda, Mozambique, Chad	10%
Latvia	4.70	Malta, Bulgaria, Croatia	9%
Lebanon	3.93	Palestine, Chile, Brazil	8%
Lesotho	3.02	Kenya, India, Guinea-Bissau	9%
Liberia	3.66	Papua New Guinea, Ghana, Angola	10%
Lithuania	4.95	Latvia, Estonia, Ireland	11%
Luxembourg	5.87	Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark	12%
Madagascar	2.91	Tanzania, Ethiopia, Afghanistan	5%
Malawi	3.38	Botswana, Ecuador, Sudan	15%
Malaysia	4.13	Brazil, Mauritius, Turkiye	8%
Maldives	4.42	Armenia, Georgia, Fiji	14%
Mali	3.33	Haiti, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire	8%
Malta	4.89	Australia, Portugal, Croatia	6%
Marshall Islands	4.21	Turkiye, Panama, Jamaica	9%
Mauritius	4.30	Brazil, Uruguay, Spain	7%
Mexico	3.83	Panama, Colombia, Paraguay	6%
Micronesia, Federated States of	3.82	Papua New Guinea, Georgia, Albania	10%
Moldova, Republic of	3.56	Afghanistan, Solomon Islands, Bhutan	11%
Mongolia	3.98	Armenia, Fiji, Georgia	13%
Montenegro	4.69	Spain, Croatia, Portugal	7%
Montserrat	4.51	Brunei Darussalam, Mauritius, Spain	8%
Morocco	3.14	Guatemala, Honduras, Nepal	11%
Mozambique	3.15	Niger, DR Congo, Chad	6%
Myanmar	3.19	Sudan, Pakistan, India	9%
Nauru	4.49	Brunei Darussalam, Uruguay, Mauritius	10%
Nepal	3.40	Guatemala, Indonesia, Paraguay	8%
Netherlands	5.44	Sweden, Denmark, Israel	6%
Niger	3.12	Chad, Mozambique, DR Congo	5%
Nigeria	3.31	Togo, Guinea, Ghana	5%
Niue	4.79	United Kingdom, Latvia, Singapore	11%
North Macedonia	4.48	Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania	8%
Norway	4.97	Israel, Sweden, Ireland	5%
Pakistan	3.31	India, Myanmar, Yemen	9%
Palau	4.51	Brunei Darussalam, Mauritius, Chile	8%
Palestine	3.72	Lebanon, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iran	8%
Panama	3.90	Turkiye, Paraguay, Mexico	6%
Papua New Guinea	3.52	Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe	10%
Paraguay	3.73	Cabo Verde, Panama, Mexico	6%
Peru	3.55	Philippines, Botswana, Ecuador	11%
Philippines	3.62	Peru, Honduras, Cabo Verde	11%
Poland	5.04	Estonia, Slovenia, Croatia	6%
Portugal	4.88	Spain, Croatia, Australia	7%
Puerto Rico	5.03	Montenegro, Portugal, Croatia	13%
Qatar	4.12	United Arab Emirates, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kuwait	15%
Romania	4.26	Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Iran	6%
Russian Federation	4.62	Hungary, Czechia, Estonia	8%
Rwanda	2.91	Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Sudan	11%
Réunion	5.11	Italy, Germany, Austria	22%
Saint Lucia	4.11	Bahamas, Malaysia, Gabon	9%
Samoa	3.83	Georgia, Fiji, Armenia	7%
Sao Tome and Principe	3.48	Gambia, Nigeria, Ghana	9%
Senegal	3.44	Kuwait, Guatemala, Morocco	16%
Serbia	4.69	North Macedonia, Hungary, Montenegro	8%
Seychelles	4.38	Mauritius, Brunei Darussalam, Bahamas	14%
Sierra Leone	3.21	Zambia, Uganda, Timor-Leste	5%
Singapore	5.35	United Kingdom, France, Switzerland	11%
Slovakia	4.91	Croatia, Czechia, Hungary	5%
Slovenia	4.86	Hungary, Estonia, Poland	6%
Solomon Islands	3.59	Angola, Haiti, Sierra Leone	8%
Somalia	3.75	Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Cuba	24%
South Korea	4.85	Slovenia, Cyprus, Germany	14%
Spain	4.72	Portugal, Montenegro, Chile	7%
Sri Lanka	3.53	Vietnam, Paraguay, Botswana	12%
Sudan	3.19	Zimbabwe, Myanmar, India	9%
Suriname	4.18	Turkiye, Mauritius, Brazil	7%
Sweden	5.32	Israel, Netherlands, Norway	6%
Switzerland	5.35	Belgium, France, Germany	6%
Tajikistan	3.43	Kuwait, Palestine, Tunisia	13%
Tanzania	2.85	Madagascar, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau	5%
Thailand	3.58	Fiji, Yemen, Indonesia	11%
Timor-Leste	3.32	Zambia, Sierra Leone, Uganda	6%
Togo	3.32	Guinea, Benin, Nigeria	3%
Tonga	4.09	Armenia, Egypt, Georgia	14%
Trinidad and Tobago	4.11	United Arab Emirates, Mauritius, Dominican Republic	12%
Tunisia	3.61	Mexico, Cabo Verde, Eswatini	9%
Turkiye	4.11	Panama, Brazil, Mexico	6%
Tuvalu	4.77	United Kingdom, Australia, Latvia	15%
Uganda	3.14	Zambia, Sierra Leone, Laos	6%
United Arab Emirates	4.13	Lebanon, Trinidad and Tobago, Chile	12%
United Kingdom	5.08	Malta, Belgium, Singapore	10%
United States	5.06	Norway, Ireland, Israel	13%
Uruguay	4.22	Brazil, Mauritius, Dominican Republic	4%
Vanuatu	3.34	Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, Moldova, Republic of	7%
Vietnam	3.27	Ecuador, Sri Lanka, Tunisia	11%
Wallis and Futuna	4.46	Uruguay, Brunei Darussalam, Costa Rica	10%
Yemen	3.46	Fiji, Bolivia, Pakistan	10%
Zambia	3.24	Sierra Leone, Timor-Leste, Uganda	5%
Zimbabwe	3.25	Sudan, Guinea-Bissau, Afghanistan	9%

Job mix = share of workers in each of the nine ISCO-08 groups, latest year per country (ILO ILOSTAT and national statistics). Scores are model-estimated; see methodology. Page updated 2026-10-28.

Frequently asked questions

How does the similar-countries finder work?

It compares how each country's workers are spread across the nine ISCO-08 job groups, such as managers, clerical workers and farmers, and lists the five countries with the closest spread.

What does the percentage mean?

It is the share of workers who would have to move to a different job group for the two countries' job mixes to match exactly. Lower means more alike.

Do similar job mixes mean similar AI exposure?

Mostly yes. A country's exposure is the average of nine fixed group scores weighted by its job mix, so countries with a similar mix end up with similar scores.

Why are some countries missing?

We compare only the 173 countries and territories that report all nine job groups. About 30 others report fewer groups, so their shares are not comparable. Results leave out places with under 200,000 workers.

Which countries have a similar workforce?

Find countries with a similar workforce

All 173 countries and their closest matches

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Frequently asked questions