All Occupations Ranked by AI Exposure
41 ISCO-08 occupation groups · data year 2025 · Tier B Employment and AI scores from Eurostat (no wages)
| ISCO | Occupation Group | AI Exposure | Robotics Risk | WFH Potential | Employment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 41 | General and keyboard clerks | 9.0/10 | 2.0/10 | 9.0/10 | 952K |
| 25 | Information and communications technology professionals | 8.5/10 | 1.0/10 | 9.5/10 | 893K |
| 42 | Customer services clerks | 8.5/10 | 4.0/10 | 8.0/10 | 350K |
| 43 | Numerical and material recording clerks | 8.5/10 | 4.5/10 | 7.5/10 | 705K |
| 24 | Business and administration professionals | 8.0/10 | 1.5/10 | 9.0/10 | 1.8M |
| 33 | Business and administration associate professionals | 7.5/10 | 1.5/10 | 8.5/10 | 2.0M |
| 35 | Information and communications technicians | 7.5/10 | 2.5/10 | 8.5/10 | 204K |
| 21 | Science and engineering professionals | 7.0/10 | 2.0/10 | 8.0/10 | 1.4M |
| 26 | Legal, social and cultural professionals | 7.0/10 | 1.0/10 | 7.5/10 | 963K |
| 12 | Administrative and commercial managers | 6.5/10 | 1.5/10 | 8.0/10 | 675K |
| 23 | Teaching professionals | 6.5/10 | 1.5/10 | 6.0/10 | 1.4M |
| 44 | Other clerical support workers | 6.0/10 | 4.5/10 | 4.0/10 | 258K |
| 31 | Science and engineering associate professionals | 5.5/10 | 4.0/10 | 4.0/10 | 963K |
| 11 | Chief executives, senior officials and legislators | 5.0/10 | 1.0/10 | 6.5/10 | 220K |
| 13 | Production and specialised services managers | 5.0/10 | 3.5/10 | 5.0/10 | 727K |
| 22 | Health professionals | 5.0/10 | 2.5/10 | 2.0/10 | 937K |
| 32 | Health associate professionals | 5.0/10 | 4.0/10 | 2.0/10 | 988K |
| 34 | Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals | 5.0/10 | 2.0/10 | 4.0/10 | 1.0M |
| 52 | Sales workers | 5.0/10 | 6.0/10 | 2.5/10 | 1.3M |
| 14 | Hospitality, retail and other services managers | 4.5/10 | 3.0/10 | 3.0/10 | 511K |
| 73 | Handicraft and printing workers | 4.0/10 | 5.0/10 | 2.0/10 | 117K |
| 01 | Commissioned armed forces officers | 3.5/10 | 2.0/10 | 2.0/10 | 37K |
| 61 | Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers | 3.5/10 | 7.0/10 | 1.0/10 | 658K |
| 74 | Electrical and electronic trades workers | 3.5/10 | 3.5/10 | 1.5/10 | 314K |
| 81 | Stationary plant and machine operators | 3.5/10 | 8.0/10 | 1.5/10 | 594K |
| 72 | Metal, machinery and related trades workers | 3.0/10 | 6.5/10 | 1.0/10 | 843K |
| 51 | Personal service workers | 2.5/10 | 5.0/10 | 1.0/10 | 1.0M |
| 62 | Market-oriented skilled forestry, fishing and hunting workers | 2.5/10 | 5.5/10 | 0.5/10 | 45K |
| 75 | Food processing, woodworking, garment and other craft workers | 2.5/10 | 5.5/10 | 1.5/10 | 457K |
| 82 | Assemblers | 2.5/10 | 8.5/10 | 0.5/10 | 122K |
| 83 | Drivers and mobile plant operators | 2.5/10 | 7.5/10 | 0.5/10 | 1.1M |
| 02 | Non-commissioned armed forces officers | 2.0/10 | 3.0/10 | 1.0/10 | 99K |
| 53 | Personal care workers | 2.0/10 | 2.5/10 | 0.5/10 | 1.4M |
| 54 | Protective services workers | 2.0/10 | 3.5/10 | 0.5/10 | 443K |
| 71 | Building and related trades workers (excl. electricians) | 2.0/10 | 4.0/10 | 0.5/10 | 942K |
| 93 | Labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport | 2.0/10 | 6.5/10 | 0.0/10 | 665K |
| 03 | Armed forces occupations, other ranks | 1.5/10 | 4.0/10 | 0.5/10 | 68K |
| 91 | Cleaners and helpers | 1.5/10 | 6.0/10 | 0.0/10 | 1.2M |
| 92 | Agricultural, forestry and fishery labourers | 1.5/10 | 6.0/10 | 0.0/10 | 160K |
| 94 | Food preparation assistants | 1.5/10 | 6.5/10 | 0.0/10 | 204K |
| 96 | Refuse workers and other elementary workers | 1.5/10 | 6.0/10 | 0.0/10 | 207K |
AI/robotics/WFH scores are research-based estimates (Frey-Osborne, OECD, IMF 2024), not official statistics. Hover occupation name for rationale. Employment from: Eurostat lfsa_egai2d (Eurostat open dissemination policy), OECD Average Annual Wages (USD PPP, 2024).
AI Disruption Context
World Bank indicators showing when disruption will arrive and how resilient the workforce is.
Source: World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0) - IT.NET.BBND.P2, IT.NET.SECR.P6, HD_HCIP_OTJL_TO, SP social protection indicators.
Workforce Composition Trend
Employment share by occupation group, 2011-2025 - ILO ILOSTAT (CC BY 4.0). Lines show share of total employment; color indicates AI exposure level.
Source: ILO ILOSTAT Employment by sex and occupation (ISCO-08), CC BY 4.0. Share = group employment / total employment. Highlighted lines show largest gainer and loser.
Economy at a Glance
World Bank Open Data (CC BY 4.0) - most recent available year per indicator.
Human Development Index
UNDP Human Development Report 2022 (CC BY 3.0 IGO).
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